Standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids in Chinese fermented soybean meal from different sources fed to mid and late-gestating sows.

We determined apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) values of crude protein (CP) and amino acids (AA) in fermented soybean meal from five different sources (FSBM 1 to 5) in China when fed to mid and late-gestating sows. Twenty-four parity four sows (12 at 30 d in gestation and 12 at 80 d in gestation) were fitted with a T-cannula in the distal ileum and used in this experiment. Sows were randomly assigned to a replicated 6 × 3 Youden square design including six diets and three periods. Six diets were provided for sows in mid and late gestation, including a nitrogen-free diet and five test diets containing 26% FSBM from different sources. Results showed that there were differences in AID and SID of CP among the different FSBM samples, but no differences between sow physiological stages were observed. Specifically, when mid-gestating sows were fed FSBM 2, the AID of CP was the lowest, whereas FSBM 3 exhibited a greater AID of CP when compared to the other FSBM samples (P < 0.01). Furthermore, during late gestation, FSBM 3 consistently had greater SID of CP when compared to other FSBM samples (P < 0.01). The ileal digestibility of most AA varied with different FSBM samples. In both mid and late gestation, differences (P < 0.05) were observed for AID of lysine, tryptophan, histidine, and arginine across different FSBM samples. Similarly, the AID of dispensable AA (cysteine, glutamine, and serine) also exhibited differences (P < 0.05) across different FSBM samples in both mid and late-gestating sows. For mid-gestating sows, SID differences relating to lysine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, threonine, and arginine were observed among different diets (P < 0.05). In late-gestating sows, SID values for lysine, tryptophan, leucine, and arginine differed across diets (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the ileal digestibility of some dispensable AA was influenced by physiological stage, as evidenced by greater AID and SID values for glycine, glutamine, cysteine, and serine in late-gestating sows when compared to mid-gestating sows (P < 0.01). In summary, our study determined AA ileal digestibility of different FSBM fed to mid and late-gestating sows. We observed that the AA ileal digestibility differed among five FSBM samples, but the physiological stage of sows did not affect the ileal digestibility of CP and most AA. Additionally, when formulating diets for sows, it is crucial to consider the nutritional value differences of FSBM.

Fermented soybean meal (FSBM) is obtained from the microbial fermentation of soybean meal, which reduces anti-nutritional factor levels and enhances other nutrient content. Substituting soybean meal with FSBM in piglet and growing pig diets improves nutrient digestibility. However, its nutritional value for sows remains unclear. Therefore, five sources of FSBM were fed to sows in mid and late gestation to evaluate apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and standardized ileal digestibility (SID) values of amino acids (AA). We found that different FSBM samples impacted the SID value of AA when fed to gestating sows. Additionally, sow physiological stage influenced the SID of some dispensable AA. These findings provide valuable insights into the incorporation of FSBM into sow diets.

Validation of a Combined In Vivo/In Vitro Ileal Fermentation Assay in the Growing Pig to be Used as a Model for Adult Humans.

BACKGROUND: An in vivo/in vitro ileal fermentation assay using growing pigs has been developed but not yet formally validated. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to validate the in vivo/in vitro ileal fermentation assay by comparing in vitro fermentation values with those obtained in vivo in growing pigs. The effect of raising pigs under different environmental conditions was also investigated. METHODS: Thirty piglets (1.59 ± 0.31 kg body weight, mean ± standard deviation) were subjected to 1 of 3 treatments: artificially reared (AR) (nonfarm, laboratory housing conditions) from postnatal day (PND) 7 (AR group), inoculated orally with human infant fecal extracts from birth until PND 8 and AR (AR+ group), or conventionally reared on a farm (control group). Starting at PND 7, the AR and AR+ pigs received human infant formula for 3 wk, followed by a human-type diet for 5 wk. Control pigs were weaned on the farm and, on PND 63, relocated to the laboratory animal facility. From PND 63, all pigs received a human-type diet. On PND 78, pigs were killed, after which ileal digesta were collected to perform an in vitro ileal fermentation (in vitro organic matter [OM] fermentability and organic acid production) and to determine digesta microbial composition and dietary OM fermentability in vivo. RESULTS: The rearing regimen resulted in only a few differences in ileal microbial taxonomic composition. The rearing regimen generally did not affect the in vitro production of individual organic acids. The in vivo and in vitro OM fermentability of proximal ileal digesta (19.7 ± 2.04%; mean ± SEM) was similar (P > 0.05) for the AR and control pigs but not for the AR+ pigs. CONCLUSIONS: The control-rearing regimen was preferred over AR or AR+ because of ease of implementation. The in vitro ileal fermentation assay accurately predicted the in vivo OM fermentability.

Effects of dietary protein level on intestinal function and inflammation in nursery pigs.

High crude protein (CP; 21% to 26%) diets fed during the first 21 to 28 d postweaning are viewed negatively because of a perceived increase in the incidence rates of diarrhea due to increased intestinal protein fermentation and/or augmented enteric pathogen burden. This is thought to antagonize nursery pig health and growth performance. Therefore, our objective was to evaluate the impact of low vs. high dietary CP on 21-day postweaned pig intestinal function. Analyzed parameters included ex vivo intestinal barrier integrity (ileum and colon), ileal nutrient transport, tissue inflammation, and fecal DM. One hundred and twenty gilts and barrows (average body weight) were randomly assigned to one of two diets postweaning. Diets were fed for 21 d, in two phases. Phase 1 diets: low CP (17%) with a 1.4% standardized ileal digestible (SID) Lys (LCP), or high CP (24%) with a 1.4% SID Lysine (HCP). Phase 2: LCP (17%) and a 1.35% SID lysine, or HCP (24%) formulated to a 1.35% SID lysine. Pig growth rates, feed intakes, and fecal consistency did not differ (P > 0.05) due to dietary treatment. Six animals per treatment were euthanized for additional analyses. There were no differences in colonic epithelial barrier function as measured by transepithelial electrical resistance (TER) and fluorescein isothiocyanate (FITC)-dextran transport between treatments (P > 0.05). Interleukins (IL)-1α, IL-1ß, IL-1ra, IL-2 IL-4, IL-6, and IL-12 were not different between treatments (P > 0.05). However, IL-8 and IL-18 were higher in HCP- vs. LCP-fed pigs (P < 0.05). There were no differences in fecal dry matter (DM; P > 0.05) between treatments. In the ileum, there was a tendency (P = 0.06) for TER to be higher in HCP-fed pigs, suggesting a more robust barrier. Interestingly, glucose and glutamine transport were decreased in HCP- vs. LCP-fed pigs (P < 0.05). FITC-dextran transport was not different between treatments (P > 0.05). There were also no differences in ileal cytokine concentrations between diets (P > 0.05). Taken together, the data show that low CP does not negatively impact colonic barrier function, fecal DM, or inflammation. In contrast, ileal barrier function and nutrient transport were altered, suggesting a regional effect of diet on overall intestinal function.

High dietary crude protein (CP) is thought to antagonize nursery pig enteric health. Feeding high CP diets to nursery pigs did not exacerbate intestinal health or inflammation, and overall, protein level in the diet has little impact on animal health and performance.

Assessing and mitigating foodborne acetochlor exposure induced ileum toxicity in broiler chicks: The role of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation and molecular pathways analysis.

Excessive acetochlor residues present ecological and food safety challenges. Here, broiler chicks were exposed to varied acetochlor doses to first assess its effects on the gut. Subsequent dietary supplementation with omega-3 was used to assess its anti-contamination effects. Pathologically, acetochlor induced notable ileal lesions including inflammation, barrier disruption, tight junction loss, and cellular anomalies. Mechanistically, acetochlor stimulated the TNFα/TNFR1 and TLR4/NF-κB/NLRP3 pathways, promoting RIPK1/RIPK3 complex formation, MLKL phosphorylation, NLRP3 inflammasome activation, Caspase-1 activation, and GSDMD shearing with inflammatory factor release. These mechanisms elucidate ileal cell death patterns essential for understanding chicken enteritis. Omega-3 supplementation showed promise in mitigating inflammation, though its precise counteractive role remains unclear. Our findings suggest early omega-3 intervention offered protective benefits against acetochlor's adverse intestinal effects, emphasizing its potential poultry health management role. Harnessing dietary interventions' therapeutic potential will be pivotal in ensuring sustainable poultry production and food safety despite persistent environmental contaminants.

Adaptive responses of the ileum of NOD mice to low-dose fluoride: A proteomic exploratory study.

Fluoride (F) has been employed worldwide to control dental caries. More recently, it has been suggested that the consumption of low doses of F in the drinking water may reduce blood glucose levels, introducing a new perspective for the use of F for the management of blood glucose. However, the exact mechanism by which F affects blood glucose levels remains largely unexplored. Given that the small gut plays a pivotal role in glucose homeostasis, the aim of this study was to investigate the proteomic changes induced by low doses of F in the ileum of female nonobese-diabetic (NOD) mice. Forty-two female NOD mice were divided into two groups based on the F concentration in their drinking water for 14 weeks: 0 (control) or 10 mgF/L. At the end of the experimental period, the ileum was collected for proteomic and Western blot analyses. Proteomic analysis indicated an increase in isoforms of actin, gastrotropin, several H2B histones, and enzymes involved in antioxidant processes, as well as a decrease in enzymes essential for energy metabolism. In summary, our data indicates an adaptive response of organism to preserve protein synthesis in the ileum, despite significant alterations in energy metabolism typically induced by F, therefore highlighting the safety of controlled fluoridation in water supplies.

Research note: Nutritive value of cold-pressed flaxseed meal for broiler chicken.

A study was conducted to evaluate standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) values of cold pressed flaxseed meal (CPFM) for broilers. One hundred and twenty broiler chicks were divided into 20 groups of 6 birds/group and fed 2 diets in a completely randomized design (10 groups/diet) from 14 to 21 d of age. The diets were cornstarch-based containing CPFM or conventional soybean meal (SBM; reference feedstuff) as the sole protein source. A N-free diet fed in another study conducted in the same facility and at the same time that the current study was conducted was used to estimate basal endogenous AA losses, and to calculate gross energy retention by difference method. The CPFM had greater neutral detergent fiber and ether extract contents (21.40 vs. 8.18% and 20.4 vs. 2.47% as is, respectively), but lower CP (20.47 vs. 48.28% as is) than SBM. The SID values of all indispensable AA (except for Leu, Phe and Trp) for CPFM were lower (P < 0.05) than those for SBM. The apparent retention of gross energy (65.95 vs. 44.24%) and N (55.53 vs. 9.79%), and AMEn (2,699 vs. 2,491 kcal/kg) for CPFM were lower (P < 0.05) than those for SBM. In conclusion, CPFM can serve as alternative oilseed co-product feedstuff for poultry. However, the CPFM has lower SID of AA and AMEn values than SBM likely due to the greater fiber content in the former than in the latter.

Epithelial zonation along the mouse and human small intestine defines five discrete metabolic domains.

A key aspect of nutrient absorption is the exquisite division of labour across the length of the small intestine, with individual nutrients taken up at different proximal:distal positions. For millennia, the small intestine was thought to comprise three segments with indefinite borders: the duodenum, jejunum and ileum. By examining the fine-scale longitudinal transcriptional patterns that span the mouse and human small intestine, we instead identified five domains of nutrient absorption that mount distinct responses to dietary changes, and three regional stem cell populations. Molecular domain identity can be detected with machine learning, which provides a systematic method to computationally identify intestinal domains in mice. We generated a predictive model of transcriptional control of domain identity and validated the roles of Ppar-δ and Cdx1 in patterning lipid metabolism-associated genes. These findings represent a foundational framework for the zonation of absorption across the mammalian small intestine.

True Ileal Amino Acid Digestibility and Protein Quality of 15N-Labeled Faba Bean in Healthy Humans.

BACKGROUND: The recommended transition toward more plant-based diets, particularly containing legumes, requires a wider knowledge of plant protein bioavailability. Faba beans are cultivated at different latitudes and are used increasingly in human nutrition. OBJECTIVES: We aimed to assess the nutritional quality of faba bean protein in healthy volunteers equipped with an intestinal tube to implement the ileal 15N balance method. METHODS: Nine volunteers completed the study (7 males, 2 females, aged 33 ± 10 y, BMI: 24.7 ± 2.6 kg/m2). They were equipped with a nasoileal tube. After fasting overnight, they ingested a test meal consisting of cooked mash of dehulled faba bean seeds (20 g protein per serving of approximately 250 g) intrinsically labeled with 15N. Samples of ileal contents, plasma, and urine were collected over an 8-h postprandial period. Undigested nitrogen (N) and amino acids (AAs) were determined using isotopic MS, and subsequently, ileal digestibility and digestible indispensable amino acid score (DIAAS) were calculated. The measurement of postprandial deamination allowed calculation of the net postprandial protein utilization (NPPU). RESULTS: The ileal N digestibility was 84.1% ± 7.7%. Postprandial deamination represented 19.2% ± 3.6% of ingested N, and the NPPU was 64.7% ± 9.7%. The ileal digestibility of individual AAs varied from 85.1% ± 13.7% for histidine to 94.2% ± 3.6% for glutamine + glutamate. The mean AA digestibility was ∼6 percentage points higher than the digestibility of N, reaching 89.8% ± 5.9%, whereas indispensable AA digestibility was 88.0% ± 7.3%. Histidine and tryptophan were the first limiting AAs [DIAAS = 0.77 (calculated by legume-specific N-to-protein conversion factor 5.4); 0.67 (by default factor 6.25)]. Sulfur AAs were limiting to a lesser extent [DIAA ratio = 0.94 (N × 5.4); 0.81 (N × 6.25)]. CONCLUSIONS: Protein ileal digestibility of cooked, dehulled faba beans in humans was moderate (<85%), but that of AAs was close to 90%. Overall protein quality was restricted by the limited histidine and tryptophan content. This trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT05047757.

Lilrb4 ameliorates ileal injury in rats with hemorrhagic shock and suppresses the activation of NF-κB signaling pathway.

Hemorrhagic shock (HS) leads to intestinal damage and subsequent multiple organ dysfunction syndrome. Intestinal barrier dysfunction is the main cause of multiple organ failure associated with HS. Leukocyte immunoglobulin-like receptor B4 (Lilrb4) belongs to the Ig superfamily and is a vital natural immunomodulatory receptor. The purpose of this study was to identify the role and molecular mechanism of Lilrb4 in HS-induced ileal injury. In this work, HS was established by femoral artery cannula and 90 min of HS (blood pressure, 35-40 mmHg), followed by resuscitation. RNA sequencing analysis showed that Lilrb4 was highly expressed in the ileum of HS rats. As observed, HS rats exhibited severe ileal injury, characterized by enlarged subepithelial space, edema, exfoliation and extensive loss of villi. Whereas, lentivirus system-mediated Lilrb4 overexpression considerably mitigated these alterations. HS led to increased release of markers associated with intestinal injury, which was effectively reversed by Lilrb4 overexpression. In addition, after resuscitation, Lilrb4 overexpression inhibited HS-triggered inflammatory response, as evidenced by decreased levels of proinflammatory cytokines. Lilrb4 also inhibited the activation of NF-κB signal induced by HS. Notably, Lilrb4 modulated the balance of regulatory T (Treg)-T helper 17 (Th17) cells in the mesenteric lymph node (MLN), which may also contribute to its protective role in HS progression. In aggregate, these findings confirmed that Lilrb4 overexpression protected against ileal injury caused by HS, indicating that Lilrb4 may be a potential candidate for the treatment of HS.

Apparent ileal amino acid digestibility, gut morphometrics, and gene expression of peptide and amino acid transporters in broiler chickens fed low-crude-protein diets supplemented with crystalline amino acids with soybean meal, canola meal, or corn DDGS as protein feedstuffs.

BACKGROUND: We investigated the impact of using canola meal (CM) or corn distillers dried grain soluble (cDDGS) in place of soybean meal (SBM) in low-crude-protein diets supplemented with amino acids (AA) on AA digestibility, gut morphometrics, and AA transporter genes in broiler chicken. On day 0, 540 Cobb 500 male broilers were allocated to six diets in 36-floor pens. The positive control (PC) was a corn-SBM diet with adequate crude protein (CP). The CP level of negative control (NC) was decreased by 45 and 40 g kg-1 relative to PC for grower and finisher phases, respectively. The subsequent two diets had the same CP levels as NC but with cDDGS added at 50 or 125 g kg-1. The last two diets had the same CP as NC but with CM added at 50 or 100 g kg-1. RESULTS: Dietary CP reduction in corn-SBM diets increased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of Lys (88.5%), Met (90.7%), Thr (77.4%), Cys (80.7%), and Gly (84.7%). Increasing levels of cDDGS linearly decreased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of Asp, Cys, Glu, and Ser, whereas increasing CM level linearly decreased (P < 0.05) the digestibility of Cys, Pro, and Ser. The CP reduction in corn-SBM diets produced downward expression of peptide transporter1 and decreased (P < 0.05) absolute pancreas and ileum weight and length of jejunum and ileum. CONCLUSIONS: Partial replacement of SBM with alternative protein feedstuffs (cDDGS or CM) in low-CP diets had minimal effects on AA digestibility and mRNA levels of peptides and AA transporters. © 2024 The Authors. Journal of The Science of Food and Agriculture published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Utilizing the influence of protein enrichment of meal components as a strategy to possibly prevent undernutrition in the elderly: an in vitro approach.

Nutritional strategies are required to limit the prevalence of denutrition in the elderly. With this in mind, fortified meals can provide more protein, but their digestibility must be ensured. Using a dynamic in vitro digester, DIDGI®, programmed with the digestion conditions of the elderly, we evaluated the supplementation of each component of a meal and assessed protein digestibility, amino acid profile, micro-nutrients and vitamins bioaccessibility for a full course meal. Higher protein digestibility was evidenced for the fortified meal, with higher release of essential amino acids. Moreover the large increase of leucine released was comparable to the range advocated for the elderly to favour protein anabolism. This in vitro study underlines the interest of using dish formulations to meet the nutritional needs of seniors, which is why this work will be completed by a clinical study in nursing home.

Environmentally realistic dose of tire-derived metabolite 6PPD-Q exposure causes intestinal jejunum and ileum damage in mice via cannabinoid receptor-activated inflammation.

N-(1,3-dimethylbutyl)-N'-phenyl-p-phenylenediamine quinone (6PPD-Q) is a quinone derivative of a common tire additive 6PPD, whose occurrence has been widely reported both in the environment and human bodies including in adults, pregnant women and children. Yet, knowledge on the potential intestinal toxicity of 6PPD-Q in mammals at environmentally relevant dose remain unknown. In this study, the effects of 6PPD-Q on the intestines of adult ICR mice were evaluated by orally administering environmentally relevant dose or lower levels of 6PPD-Q (0.1, 1, 10, and 100 µg/kg) for 21 days. We found that 6PPD-Q disrupted the integrity of the intestinal barrier, mostly in the jejunum and ileum, but not in the duodenum or colon, in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, intestinal inflammation manifested with elevated levels of TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-6 mostly observed in doses at 10 and 100 µg/kg. Using reverse target screening technology combining molecular dynamic simulation modeling we identified key cannabinoid receptors including CNR2 activation to be potentially mediating the intestinal inflammation induced by 6PPD-Q. In summary, this study provides novel insights into the toxic effects of emerging contaminant 6PPD-Q on mammalian intestines and that the chemical may be a cannabinoid receptor agonist to modulate inflammation.

Novel sfericase protease improves amino acid digestibility of soybean meal and rapeseed meal in broiler chickens.

1. Two experiments were conducted to explore the effects of an exogenous sfericase protease on the apparent ileal nutrient digestibility of soybean meal (SBM) and rapeseed meal (RSM) in broiler chickens.2. In each experiment, a total of 256 sixteen-day-old male Cobb 500 broilers were fed one of four semi-purified experimental diets, comprising two different batches (A and B) of samples for either SBM (Exp. 1) or RSM (Exp. 2) without or with an exogenous sfericase (0 or 30,000 NFP/kg). Each experimental diet was fed to eight replicate pens of broiler chickens from 16 to 21 d of age (eight birds per cage), and ileal digesta were collected for measuring the digestibility coefficients.3. In Exp. 1, the amino acid digestibility was greater (P < 0.05) in SBM B compared with SBM A for Arg and Val, and a similar trend (P < 0.1) was observed for Tyr, Leu and Thr. Exogenous sfericase increased (P < 0.10) digestibility of most of amino acids except Gly, His and Trp. There was an interaction between SBM source and sfericase, whereby digestibility of P, N and Asp was increased by sfericase for SBM B but not for SBM A. In Exp. 2, there was no interaction (P > 0.05) between RSM source and sfericase for ileal nutrient digestibility. Digestibility was greater in RSM A compared to RSM B for all non-essential AA and most essential AA (except for Trp), while the reverse was noted for Ca and P (P < 0.05). Exogenous sfericase increased (P < 0.1) digestibility for all amino acids except Cys and Met.4. In conclusion, the current studies showed that both SBM and RSM batches influenced amino acid digestibility. Sfericase protease supplementation increased amino acid digestibility for both SBM and RSM. The digestibility effects were greater in the SBM batch with low digestibility for N and Asp which was in line with an increase in P digestibility.

Expression of the cobalamin transporters cubam and MRP1 in the canine ileum-Upregulation in chronic inflammatory enteropathy.

Chronic inflammatory enteropathy (CIE) in dogs, a spontaneous model of human inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), is associated with a high rate of cobalamin deficiency. The etiology of hypocobalaminemia in human IBD and canine CIE remains unknown, and compromised intestinal uptake of cobalamin resulting from ileal cobalamin receptor deficiency has been proposed as a possible cause. Here, we evaluated the intestinal expression of the cobalamin receptor subunits, amnionless (AMN) and cubilin (CUBN), and the basolateral efflux transporter multi-drug resistance protein 1 (MRP1) in 22 dogs with CIE in comparison to healthy dogs. Epithelial CUBN and AMN levels were quantified by confocal laser scanning microscopy using immunohistochemistry in endoscopic ileal biopsies from dogs with (i) CIE and normocobalaminemia, (ii) CIE and suboptimal serum cobalamin status, (iii) CIE and severe hypocobalaminemia, and (iv) healthy controls. CUBN and MRP1 expression was quantified by RT-qPCR. Receptor expression was evaluated for correlation with clinical patient data. Ileal mucosal protein levels of AMN and CUBN as well as mRNA levels of CUBN and MRP1 were significantly increased in dogs with CIE compared to healthy controls. Ileal cobalamin receptor expression was positively correlated with age, clinical disease activity index (CCECAI) score, and lacteal dilation in the ileum, inversely correlated with serum folate concentrations, but was not associated with serum cobalamin concentrations. Cobalamin receptor downregulation does not appear to be the primary cause of hypocobalaminemia in canine CIE. In dogs of older age with severe clinical signs and/or microscopic intestinal lesions, intestinal cobalamin receptor upregulation is proposed as a mechanism to compensate for CIE-associated hypocobalaminemia. These results support oral supplementation strategies in hypocobalaminemic CIE patients.

Autoclaving time-related reduction in amino acid digestibility of poultry meal in broiler chickens and growing pigs.

Poultry meal, a rendered byproduct of poultry slaughter, is a valuable protein source in swine and poultry diets because of its highly digestible protein content and balanced amino acid (AA) profile. Rendering of poultry meal may reduce its AA digestibility because of heat damage to the byproduct. The effect of heat damage on AA digestibility of poultry meal may be different between broiler chickens and growing pigs. For this reason, the objective of this study was to determine the effect of autoclaving time on standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of AA in poultry meal fed to broiler chickens and growing pigs. Poultry meal from the same batch was autoclaved at 134 °C for 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 min to produce seven heat-treated samples. Eight experimental diets were formulated. Poultry meal served as the sole source of nitrogen in seven diets that each contained one of the heat-treated byproducts and a nitrogen-free diet was formulated to assess basal ileal endogenous losses of AA. In experiment 1, 656 male broiler chickens (initial body weight = 719 ±â€…97 g) at day 18 post hatching were assigned to the eight diets in a randomized complete block design with body weight as a blocking factor. On day 23, birds were euthanized by CO2 asphyxiation and dissected for the collection of ileal digesta. In experiment 2, 16 barrows (initial body weight = 23.3 ±â€…0.7 kg) were surgically fitted with T-cannulas at the distal ileum and allotted to a duplicate 8 × 4 incomplete Latin square design with the eight diets and four periods. Each experimental period consisted of 5-day adaptation and 2-day ileal digesta collection periods. Data for experiments 1 and 2 were pooled and analyzed as a 2 × 7 factorial treatment arrangement with the effects of species (i.e., pigs and broiler chickens) and autoclaving time (i.e., 0 to 180 min) as the two factors. Increasing autoclaving time decreased SID of nitrogen and all AA in both species, but the decrease in SID values except for leucine was greater (interaction, P < 0.05) or tended to be greater in pigs compared with broiler chickens. Given the species differences in AA utilization response to the severity of heat damage, target species should be considered when using SID of AA values of poultry meal in diet formulation.

Poultry meal, a rendered byproduct of poultry slaughter, is a valuable protein source in swine and poultry diets. Rendering is required during the processing of poultry meal to inactivate potential harmful bacteria and to reduce moisture content in the raw byproduct. However, rendering can induce heat damage to poultry meal, which may reduce amino acid (AA) digestibility. To mimic heat damage to poultry meal, the byproduct was autoclaved at 134 °C for 0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, or 180 min in the current study. These seven heat-treated poultry meal samples were then fed to broiler chickens and growing pigs. AA digestibility in poultry meal decreased with increasing autoclaving time, but the decrease in digestibility of most AAs by autoclaving was larger in growing pigs compared with broiler chickens.

Effect of the pelleting process on diet formulations with varying levels of crystalline amino acids and reducing sugars on digestibility in growing pigs.

The objective of this experiment was to determine the effects of pelleting on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) and crude protein (CP) in diets with or without increased concentrations of free AA and reducing sugars (RS). Eight individually housed, ileal cannulated barrows (initially 31.4 kg) were allotted to an 8 × 8 Latin square with eight diets and eight 7-d periods with ileal digesta collected on days 6 and 7. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with the main effects of diet form (mash or pellet), crystalline AA (low or high), or RS (low or high), provided by distillers dried grains with solubles and bakery meal. Diets were pelleted to achieve a hot pellet temperature of 85 to 88 °C. Data were analyzed as a Latin square design using the GLIMMIX procedure of SAS 9.4. A feed form × RS interaction (P < 0.026) for SID of tryptophan was observed. Feeding pelleted low RS diets increased SID of tryptophan compared with mash high and low RS diets, and pelleted high RS diets. For the main effects of feed form, the SID of total AA, CP, and indispensable AA was greater (P < 0.042) in pelleted diets compared with mash diets. For the main effects of crystalline AA, pigs fed high crystalline AA had increased (P = 0.007) SID of tryptophan and decreased (P = 0.050) SID of histidine compared with those fed low crystalline AA diets. For the main effects of RS, high RS diets had decreased (P < 0.05) SID of total AA, CP, and indispensable AA compared with low RS diets. In conclusion, pelleting diets increased AA digestibility, and pelleting diets with increased crystalline AA or RS did not affect the improvement in AA digestibility from pelleting. Diets formulated with high crystalline AA had increased SID of tryptophan. Formulating diets with high RS resulted in decreased AA digestibility compared with corn-soybean meal-based diets.

The objective of this study was to determine the effects of pelleting on the standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AA) in diets with or without increased concentrations of free AA and reducing sugars (RS). Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with the main effects of diet form (mash or pellet), crystalline AA (low or high), or RS (low or high), provided by dried distillers grains with solubles and bakery meal. A total of 8 illeal cannulated barrows were fed treatments in an 8 × 8 Latin square design. Results indicated that there was no evidence of interactions between diet types and diet form, indicating that increasing amounts of crystalline AA and RS did not reduce amino acid digestibility when pelleting diets. Additionally, pelleting diets resulted in increased amino acid digestibility compared to mash diets. Diets formulated with 20% dried distillers grains with solubles and 15% bakery resulted in decreased amino acid digestibility compared with the corn­soybean meal-based diets. Crystalline amino acid concentration did not influence amino acid digestibility of indispensable AA, except for SID of tryptophan which was increased in diets with higher concentrations of crystalline AA.

Amino acid standardized ileal digestibility together with concentrations of digestible and metabolizable energy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast and soybean meal for gestating sows.

The standardized ileal digestibility (SID) of amino acids (AAs) plus crude protein (CP), in addition to digestible energy (DE) and metabolizable energy (ME) concentrations, was assessed through two experiments on Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (SCY) combined with soybean meal (SBM) for gestating sows. SCY and SBM were subjected to experiment 1 for the determination of CP and AAs in terms of SID. Under a randomized complete block design, three dietary treatments were provided for a total of 24 Landrace × Yorkshire gestating sows (parity 2), with the distal ileum clipped by a T-cannula at gestational day 33 based on body weight (BW) (194.1 ±â€…7.1, 195.3 ±â€…8.5, and 195.3 ±â€…8.6 kg). SCY and SBM were used as the only source of nitrogen to prepare two semi-purified diets and a nitrogen-free diet was also utilized to examine CP plus AAs for basal ileal endogenous losses. The gestating sows were initially fed these diets for 5 d to allow for adaptation, and ileal digesta was collected 2 d later for analysis. CP and all AAs in SCY, except for Trp and Gly, showed significantly lower SID than those in SBM (P < 0.05). Among the essential AAs, the range of SID was 68.8% for Thr to 92.2% for Arg in dried yeast, and from 79.9% for Thr to 98.6% for Met in SBM. DE plus ME were measured via experiment 2 with a randomized complete block design on SCY and SBM. Eighteen day-35 Landrace × Yorkshire pregnant sows (parity 3) were allocated to three diets based on BW (233.3 ±â€…16.0, 233.4 ±â€…9.6, and 233.4 ±â€…10.3 kg). Three diets were adopted for the experiment, namely, a corn-based diet as well as two diets containing 20.2% SCY and 20.0% SBM samples. The full fecal collection method, comprising a 5-day adaptation period before a 5- to 6-d experimental period for quantitative urine and feces collection, was employed for metabolic trials. The DE and ME for SCY were remarkably decreased compared with those for SBM (3812 kcal/kg DM vs. 4264 kcal/kg DM and 3714 kcal/kg DM vs. 4157 kcal/kg DM), respectively (P < 0.05). No differences were observed in the apparent total tract digestibility (ATTD) of organic matter, CP, and gross energy between SCY and SBM, but ATTD was significantly reduced in SCY for acid detergent fiber, dry matter, and neutral detergent fiber by contrast with SBM (P < 0.05). In conclusion, most AAs and CP in SCY had lower SID, DE, and ME than SBM in this study. These findings can be applied to diet formulation with the aforementioned ingredients for sows.

Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast (SCY) is commonly used as an additive in feed (<1% of the formulation), but there is a limited amount of available information about its function as a promising source of proteins for pig diets, and especially, the nutritive value of yeast protein for gestating sows remains to be clarified. Feeding stuff has different digestibility between growing and gestating pigs. Therefore, our study evaluated the standardized ileal digestibility of amino acids and crude protein together with metabolizable and digestible energy in SCY for gestating sows, to provide nutritional value parameters on its potential as an effective alternative to traditional protein ingredients such as soybean meal in sow diet formulations.

Potential role of bile acids in the pathogenesis of necrotizing enterocolitis.

Necrotizing enterocolitis (NEC) is one of the most common acute gastrointestinal diseases in preterm infants. Recent studies have found that NEC is not only caused by changes in the intestinal environment but also by the failure of multiple systems and organs, including the liver. The accumulation of bile acids (BAs) in the ileum and the disorder of ileal BA transporters are related to the ileum injury of NEC. Inflammatory factors such as tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and interleukin (IL)-18 secreted by NEC also play an important role in regulating intrahepatic BA transporters. As an important link connecting the liver and intestinal circulation, the bile acid metabolic pathway plays an important role in the regulation of intestinal microbiota, cell proliferation, and barrier protection. In this review, we focus on how bile acids explore the dynamic changes of bile acid metabolism in necrotizing enterocolitis and the potential therapeutic value of targeting the bile acid signaling pathways.

The kinetics of amino acid disappearance in the small intestine is related to the extent of amino acids absorbed in growing pigs.

This study evaluated the importance of a correction for amino acids (AA) released into the hindgut on a measure of AA absorption kinetics and tested whether AA absorption kinetics are related to the extent of AA absorption using the growing pig as a model for humans. Thirty-six nine-week-old pigs (22·3 kg) received a diet containing whey protein as the sole protein source for 8 d. Pigs received their last meal containing the indigestible marker titanium dioxide before being euthanised at 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 h post-feeding. The entire content of each gastrointestinal tract (GIT) region was collected to determine AA released into the hindgut, and the kinetics and extent of AA absorption (uncorrected and corrected for AA entering the hindgut). Amounts of AA released into the hindgut increased over time (e.g. 33 and 180 mg of Glu for 4 and 6 h post-feeding). The corrected apparent amount of each AA absorbed from the GIT lumen after 4 h post-feeding was generally lower (P ≤ 0·05) than the uncorrected counterpart. Differences in both the kinetics and extent of AA absorption were observed across AA. For example, the time to reach half of the apparent AA absorption (T50) was 1·5 and 3·4 h for Met and Arg, respectively, whereas their extent of apparent absorption was 93 and 73 %. Negative correlations between parameters related to kinetics and the extent of apparent absorption were observed (e.g. for T50 r = -0·81; P < 0·001). The kinetics of AA absorption is related to the extent of AA absorption.

Adiponectin affects ileal contractility of mouse preparations.

Adiponectin (ADPN) has been reported to induce inhibitory effects on gastric motor activity, which, being a source of peripheral satiety signals, would contribute to the central anorexigenic effects of the hormone in rodents. However, peripheral satiety signals can also originate from the small intestine. Since there are no data on the effects of ADPN in this gut region, the present study aimed to investigate whether ADPN affects murine ileal contractility. Immunofluorescence experiments and Western blot were also performed to reveal the expression of ADPN receptors. Mechanical responses of ileal preparations were recorded in vitro via force-displacement transducers. Preparations showed a tetrodotoxin- and atropine-insensitive spontaneous contractile activity. Electrical field stimulation (EFS) induced tetrodotoxin- and atropine-sensitive contractile responses. ADPN induced a decay of the basal tension and decreased the amplitude of either the spontaneous contractility or the EFS-induced excitatory responses. All ADPN effects were abolished by the nitric oxide (NO) synthesis inhibitor NG-nitro l-arginine. The expression of the ADPN receptor, AdipoR1, but not AdipoR2, was also revealed in enteric glial cells. The present results offer the first evidence that ADPN acts on ileal preparations. The hormone exerts inhibitory effects, likely involving AdipoR1 on enteric glial cells and NO. From a physiological point of view, it could be hypothesized that the depressant action of ADPN on ileal contractility represents an additional peripheral satiety signal which, as also described for the ileal brake, could contribute to the central anorexigenic effects of the hormone.NEW & NOTEWORTHY This study provides the first evidence that adiponectin (ADPN) is able to act on ileal preparations. Functional results demonstrate that the hormone, other than causing a slight decay of the basal tension, depresses the amplitude of both spontaneous contractility and neurally induced excitatory responses of the mouse ileum through the involvement of nitric oxide. The expression of the ADPN receptor AdipoR1 and its localization on glial cells was revealed by Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis.